ABSTRACT
El cefepime es un antibiótico betalactámico utilizado para tratar pacientes con infecciones complicadas. Debido a que su excreción es predominantemente renal y a que su vida media se incrementa significativamente en pacientes con deterioro de la función renal, los efectos adversos pueden ser de mayor gravedad incluyendo los de índole neurotóxica. Se informa el caso de una paciente trasplantada renal que presentó neurotoxicidad secundaria al uso de cefepime.
Cefepime is a betalactamic antibiotic used for the treatment of patients with severe infections. It is mainly excreted by the kidney, so that its half-life is significantly increased in patients with kidney failure, and in this population adverse effects may be more severe including neurotoxicity. We report the case of a kidney-transplanted patient who presented neurotoxicity associated with the use of cefepime.
O cefepime é um antibiótico betalactámico utilizado para tratar pacientes com infecções complicadas. Devido a que sua excreção é predominantemente pelo rim, sua vida média se incrementa significativamente em pacientes com deterioração da função renal em quem os efeitos adversos podem ser de maior gravidade incluindo os de índole neurotóxica. Informa-se o caso de uma paciente transplantada renal que apresentou neurotoxicidade secundária ao uso de cefepime.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Female , Cephalosporins/adverse effects , Cephalosporins/toxicity , Kidney Transplantation , Neurotoxicity Syndromes , Renal InsufficiencyABSTRACT
The ability of the clinically used cephalosporins: cephalothin, cefotaxime and cefotiam to induce lipid peroxidation (LPO) and renal damage was compared to that of nephrotoxic cephaloridine under in vivo conditions. Glutathione was measured in rat liver or in renal cortex as non-protein sulfhydryls. LPO was measured in plasma, renal cortex and liver by the generation of malondialdehyde or as the increase in renal cortical concentration of conjugated dienes. Impairment of renal function was measured as the decrease in renal cortical accumulation of the organic anion p-aminohippurate (PAH). Administration of cephalosporins to rats as a single dose (2000 mg/kg, ip) induced a significant glutathione-depletion in the renal cortex with cephaloridine, and in the liver with cephaloridine, cephalothin and cefotiam. Treatment of rats with cephaloridine, cephalothin and cefotiam (200, 500, or 1000 mg kg-1 day-1, ip) for 5 days resulted in a dose-dependent increase of LPO in the renal cortex. While cephaloridine induced the highest concentration of conjugated diene, cefotaxime had no effect. Measurements of PAH accumulation in renal cortical slices from cephalosporin-treated rats showed a dose-dependent decrease in the renal cortical accumulation of PAH. Pretreatment with the antioxidants vitamin E or cyanidanol (400 mg kg-1 day-1, ip) 1 h before treatment with cephaloridine, cephalothin or cefotiam (1000 mg kg-1 day-1, ip) for 3 days inhibited cephalosporin-induced LPO and significantly reduced the impairment of renal cortical accumulation of PAH. The potential of different cephalosporins for inducing LPO and reducing PAH accumulation was ranked as follows: cephaloridine > cephalothin > cefotiam > cefotaxime.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Anti-Bacterial Agents/toxicity , Antioxidants/therapeutic use , Catechin/therapeutic use , Cephalosporins/toxicity , Kidney Cortex/drug effects , Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects , Vitamin E/therapeutic use , Glutathione/analysis , Kidney Function Tests , Kidney Cortex/metabolism , Kidney Cortex/pathology , Liver/drug effects , Liver/metabolism , Liver/pathology , Malondialdehyde/analysis , Rats, WistarSubject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacokinetics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/metabolism , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Pediatrics , Aminoglycosides/administration & dosage , Aminoglycosides/pharmacokinetics , Aminoglycosides/toxicity , Aminoglycosides/therapeutic use , Anti-Bacterial Agents/toxicity , Cephalosporins/chemistry , Cephalosporins/classification , Cephalosporins/toxicity , Clindamycin/pharmacology , Clindamycin/supply & distribution , Clindamycin/toxicity , Penicillins/administration & dosage , Penicillins/adverse effects , Penicillins/chemistry , Penicillins/classificationABSTRACT
En el presente trabajo de revisan los principales aspectos microbiólogicos, farmacocinéticos, indicaciones clínicas y toxicidad de las cefalosporinas. Las cefalosporinas son antibióticos de gran importancia en el tratamiento de las infecciones bacterianas por su relativa baja toxicidad ,amplio espectro antibacteriano , actividad bactericida y estabilidad frente a las betalactamasas. La primera generación de las cefalosporinas y en especial la cefazolina son más activas contra los estafilococos y estreptococos. La mayoría de las de segunda generación (excepto la cefoxitina) y las de tercera generación tienen una potente actividad contra el Haemophilus influenzae. Todas las cefalosporinas, con la excepcion de las cefsulodina, son activas contra la Eschericia coli y el Proteus mirabilis, mientras que sólo los agentes de la tercera generación tienen marcada actividad contra todas las otras enterobacterias